Explore your genetic questions

Common Gene Index

500 genes. Clear answers. Sources you can explore.

Browse by body system and biological role, or find a gene by its symbol, full name, or a word in your question. A gene can work in several parts of the body; these groups help you navigate.

500 genes · 18 groups

Cardiovascular System 18 genes
Angiogenesis & Lymphangiogenesis 5
  • ANGPTL4 - Does an ANGPTL4 result mean I will develop diabetes?
  • ENG - Why might ENG matter in a family with frequent nosebleeds?
  • HIF1A - How does HIF1A help my body cope with low oxygen?
  • NOTCH1 - Why is NOTCH1 discussed in both development and cancer?
  • VEGFA - Does VEGFA only make blood vessels grow in tumors?
Cardiac Electrophysiology & Conduction 3
  • ANK2 - Can an ANK2 result explain an irregular heartbeat?
  • GJA1 - How does GJA1 let neighboring cells communicate?
  • NKX2-5 - Why can NKX2-5 affect both heart structure and rhythm?
Myocardial Contractility & Sarcomeric Assembly 3
  • MYH7 - What connects MYH7 to heart strength and muscle endurance?
  • NPPB - Is an NPPB genetic result the same as a BNP blood test?
  • TNNI3 - Is TNNI3 the same thing as the troponin measured after chest pain?
Vascular Endothelial Tone & Vasodilation 4
  • CAV1 - Why is CAV1 connected with both blood vessels and body fat?
  • EDN1 - How does EDN1 influence my blood vessels?
  • KLF4 - What does KLF4 have to do with my skin barrier?
  • NOS3 - Does a NOS3 variant mean I need a nitric-oxide supplement?
Vascular Smooth Muscle Contraction 3
  • ACTA2 - How can ACTA2 affect arteries as well as other organs?
  • MYH11 - Why would MYH11 appear on an aortic-disease gene panel?
  • PDE5A - Does having a PDE5A finding mean a PDE5 drug will help me?
Developmental System 8 genes
Morphogenesis & Embryonic Axis Patterning 5
  • APC - What does APC normally do to protect against uncontrolled growth?
  • CTNNB1 - Why is CTNNB1 relevant to both tissue development and cancer?
  • GDF5 - How is GDF5 related to the way my joints form?
  • PAX2 - Why can a developmental gene such as PAX2 matter after birth?
  • PTCH1 - How does PTCH1 help keep cell growth under control?
Stem Cell Pluripotency & Lineage Specification 3
  • LIN28B - Can LIN28B tell me how fast my body is aging?
  • NEUROD1 - How can NEUROD1 be connected to insulin production?
  • POU5F1 - Does POU5F1 mean my cells can become stem cells?
Endocrine System 14 genes
Neuroendocrine & Peptide Hormone Signaling 3
  • CCKBR - What links CCKBR to both digestion and the brain?
  • GH1 - Is GH1 a reliable predictor of how tall a child will become?
  • GHR - How is GHR different from the gene that makes growth hormone?
Steroidogenesis & Nuclear Hormone Signaling 6
  • CYP17A1 - Why can CYP17A1 appear in a hormone investigation?
  • CYP19A1 - What does CYP19A1 do with testosterone and estrogen?
  • CYP21A2 - Why is CYP21A2 important for the adrenal glands?
  • ESR1 - Is an ESR1 result equivalent to an estrogen blood level?
  • HSD11B1 - How can HSD11B1 change the effects of cortisol in tissues?
  • HSD17B13 - What is known about HSD17B13 and fat handling?
Thyroid Hormone Synthesis & Action 5
  • NKX2-1 - Why could one gene connect thyroid, lung, and brain problems?
  • PAX8 - What role does PAX8 play in organ development?
  • TG - Why does the thyroid need the TG gene?
  • TPO - Does a TPO genetic finding mean I have thyroid antibodies?
  • TSHR - How does my thyroid receive the signal to make hormones?
Gastrointestinal & Hepatic System 35 genes
Bile Acid Synthesis & Canalicular Excretion 3
  • CYP27A1 - What connects CYP27A1 with digesting dietary fat?
  • CYP7A1 - How does CYP7A1 help the body use up cholesterol?
  • FGF19 - Is FGF19 a growth signal or a consumer health test?
Gastric & Pancreatic Digestive Secretion 3
  • CEL - How does CEL help me absorb fats from food?
  • MUC5AC - Why is MUC5AC mentioned in discussions of mucus?
  • MUC5B - What gives saliva and airway mucus their gel-like texture?
Gastrointestinal Motility & Enteric Plexus 3
  • CHAT - How does CHAT help a nerve tell a muscle to move?
  • RET - Why can RET be linked to both intestinal nerves and endocrine tumors?
  • TPH2 - Can TPH2 tell me whether I have low serotonin?
Hepatic Glycogen Storage & Gluconeogenesis 3
  • G6PC2 - Does a G6PC2 finding diagnose diabetes?
  • PPP1R3B - How is PPP1R3B involved in storing energy after a meal?
  • PPP1R3C - What does PPP1R3C do with stored sugar?
Intestinal Epithelial Tight Junctions 3
  • CLDN7 - How does CLDN7 help form a tissue barrier?
  • MUC2 - What helps protect my intestinal lining from its contents?
  • MUC4 - How does MUC4 protect the surface of cells?
Intestinal Nutrient Absorption 3
  • LCT - Can an LCT finding explain why milk causes digestive symptoms?
  • SLC46A1 - Why might folate absorption matter even when someone eats enough?
  • SLC5A1 - How does the intestine bring sugar and water into the body?
Phase I & Phase II Xenobiotic Detoxification 17
  • ABCB1 - Can ABCB1 explain why a medicine behaves differently in different people?
  • ABCC8 - Why can ABCC8 be relevant to unusual blood-sugar problems?
  • ABCG2 - What connects ABCG2 with uric acid and gout research?
  • ADH1B - What does ADH1B do when I drink alcohol?
  • ALDH2 - How is ALDH2 different from the first step of alcohol breakdown?
  • CYP1A2 - Does my CYP1A2 result determine exactly how I process caffeine?
  • CYP2B6 - Why might CYP2B6 come up in a medication review?
  • CYP2C19 - Can CYP2C19 affect how a medicine works?
  • CYP2C9 - Why does CYP2C9 matter when discussing warfarin?
  • CYP3A4 - Does CYP3A4 affect more than one medicine?
  • CYP3A5 - How is CYP3A5 related to drug metabolism?
  • GSTM1 - Does a GSTM1 finding mean I need a detox supplement?
  • GSTP1 - How does GSTP1 help cells handle reactive chemicals?
  • NAT2 - What does being a slow acetylator mean for NAT2?
  • NQO1 - What does NQO1 do to limit chemical stress in cells?
  • SLCO1B1 - Why can a liver transporter such as SLCO1B1 matter for medicines?
  • UGT1A1 - How does UGT1A1 help the body clear bilirubin?
Genomic Regulatory Elements 20 genes
Antisense Non-Coding RNA Regulation 3
  • CDKN2B-AS1 - Why is CDKN2B-AS1 on my report if it does not make a protein?
  • HOTAIR - What does HOTAIR do as a noncoding gene?
  • ZFAS1 - Does ZFAS1 being mentioned in cancer research mean I have cancer?
Long Non-Coding RNA Regulation 5
  • H19 - How can H19 influence development without making a protein?
  • MALAT1 - What can an RNA such as MALAT1 do inside a cell?
  • MEG3 - What does it mean that MEG3 is maternally expressed?
  • NEAT1 - What are the nuclear structures built around NEAT1?
  • PVT1 - Is a PVT1 DNA finding the same as increased PVT1 activity in a tumor?
MicroRNA Post-Transcriptional Silencing 3
  • DND1 - How does DND1 protect some genetic messages from being silenced?
  • MIR122 - Why is MIR122 classified as a microRNA rather than a protein gene?
  • MIR129-1 - Can a tiny RNA such as MIR129-1 change what a cell makes?
Pseudogenes & Genomic Relics 3
  • CYP2D6 - Why might a CYP2D6 result need more than a single SNP?
  • CYP2D7 - Can I use CYP2D7 as a substitute for CYP2D6 in a medication report?
  • GBA3 - Is GBA3 the same gene as GBA in Gaucher-disease discussions?
Readthrough & Fusion Transcripts 3
  • CENPS-CORT - Does CENPS-CORT automatically mean a cancer-associated gene fusion?
  • INS-IGF2 - Is INS-IGF2 just another name for insulin?
  • JMJD7-PLA2G4B - Why does JMJD7-PLA2G4B have two gene names joined together?
Small Nuclear & Nucleolar RNA Processing 3
  • RNU4ATAC - How can an RNA-processing gene affect growth throughout the body?
  • SNHG1 - What does the term RNA host gene mean for SNHG1?
  • U2AF1 - Why does U2AF1 matter for turning gene messages into proteins?
Hematologic System 11 genes
Coagulation, Fibrin Formation & Fibrinolysis 3
  • F2 - Does an F2 finding mean I am certain to get a blood clot?
  • F5 - Is every F5 variant factor V Leiden?
  • VKORC1 - Why is VKORC1 discussed with vitamin K and warfarin?
Hematopoiesis, Erythropoiesis & Iron Homeostasis 5
  • FLT3 - Does FLT3 on a DNA report mean leukemia?
  • HFE - Does an HFE result prove that I have too much iron?
  • KIT - How can KIT be involved in normal cells and also be a cancer target?
  • MPL - What connects MPL to my platelet count?
  • RUNX1 - Why would RUNX1 be investigated in a family with blood-cell problems?
Platelet Activation & Adhesion 3
  • GP1BA - How do platelets first attach at a damaged blood vessel?
  • ITGA2B - What does ITGA2B contribute to a blood clot?
  • ITGB3 - Why do ITGB3 and ITGA2B often appear together?
Immune System 53 genes
Antimicrobial Peptides & Mucosal Defense 3
  • DEFB1 - How does DEFB1 help protect body surfaces from microbes?
  • LTF - What is the connection between lactoferrin and the LTF gene?
  • S100A9 - What kind of immune-related protein does S100A9 make?
B-Cell Receptor Signaling & Antibody Repertoire 4
  • AICDA - How do immune cells improve and change the antibodies they make?
  • BLNK - How does BLNK help B cells respond to a signal?
  • CD19 - Is a CD19 gene result the same as measuring CD19-positive cells?
  • PAX5 - How does a developing immune cell become a B cell?
Complement Activation & Opsonization 5
  • C2 - What part does C2 play in the body's infection defenses?
  • C3 - Why is C3 often called a central complement protein?
  • CFB - How does CFB help amplify a complement response?
  • CFH - Why does an immune-defense system need CFH as a regulator?
  • CFI - How does CFI help prevent complement from staying active too long?
Cytokine & Chemokine Signaling 11
  • IL10 - Is IL10 an immune booster or an immune brake?
  • IL13 - What connects IL13 with allergy-related immune responses?
  • IL17A - Why does IL17A appear in both infection and inflammation research?
  • IL23R - How do immune cells receive the IL-23 signal?
  • IL33 - What does IL33 do to cells involved in allergic inflammation?
  • IL4R - Why can IL4R respond to more than one immune signal?
  • IL6 - How is IL6 linked to fever during an immune response?
  • IL6R - How is IL6R different from IL6 itself?
  • LIF - Why does LIF appear in discussions of several different organs?
  • TGFB1 - How does TGFB1 influence tissue growth and repair?
  • TNF - Does having a TNF variant mean I need an anti-TNF medicine?
HLA & Antigen Processing Presentation 4
  • HLA-A - How does HLA-A help immune cells inspect other cells?
  • HLA-B - Why does the exact HLA-B allele matter more than the gene name?
  • HLA-DQB1 - Does an HLA-DQB1 finding diagnose an autoimmune condition?
  • HLA-DRB1 - Why are HLA-DRB1 results usually written with detailed allele numbers?
Immunoglobulin & T-Cell Receptor Gene Segments 3
  • IGHMBP2 - Why can IGHMBP2 matter even though its name sounds immune-specific?
  • IGLL1 - What helps an immature B cell check its developing receptor?
  • RBPJ - How does a Notch signal change which genes a cell uses?
Inflammasome Assembly & IL-1 Maturation 3
  • CASP10 - Why does the body need a gene involved in cell death?
  • GSDMD - How can a cell's death trigger inflammation?
  • IL1B - Why is IL1B made in an inactive form first?
Interferon Cascades & Antiviral Defense 3
  • BST2 - How can BST2 help keep a virus from spreading between cells?
  • IFIH1 - How can a cell recognize RNA from a virus?
  • IRF5 - What happens after IRF5 detects an immune alarm?
Leukocyte Extravasation & Chemotaxis 5
  • CCL2 - How do immune cells know where inflammation is happening?
  • CXCL8 - Why do neutrophils gather at an infection site?
  • CXCR4 - What does CXCR4 tell a cell about where to go?
  • CXCR5 - How do B cells find the right area of an immune organ?
  • SELE - How can white blood cells attach near an inflamed vessel?
Mast Cell & Basophil Degranulation 3
  • ALOX5 - What are the inflammatory chemicals made with help from ALOX5?
  • ALOX5AP - How is ALOX5AP different from the ALOX5 enzyme?
  • TPSAB1 - Is a TPSAB1 DNA result the same as a tryptase blood level?
Pattern Recognition & Innate Priming 3
  • NLRP3 - How does NLRP3 help the immune system respond to danger?
  • NOD2 - Does a NOD2 finding automatically mean Crohn's disease?
  • TLR4 - How does TLR4 help the body notice an invading microbe?
Phagocytosis & Oxidative Killing 3
  • CD68 - What does it mean when a tissue test describes CD68-positive cells?
  • CTSG - How do neutrophils break down material they have engulfed?
  • SCARB1 - How does SCARB1 connect cells with HDL cholesterol?
T-Cell Signaling, Differentiation & Checkpoint Tolerance 3
  • BST1 - What does BST1 do in the environment where blood cells develop?
  • CD3E - How does a T cell turn recognition into a response?
  • CTLA4 - Why does the immune system need the CTLA4 brake?
Integumentary System 20 genes
Dermal Extracellular Matrix Organization 6
  • DCN - What helps collagen fibers form an organized tissue framework?
  • MMP1 - Why would healthy tissue need an enzyme that breaks down collagen?
  • MMP13 - What connects MMP13 with cartilage remodeling?
  • MMP14 - How can a cell modify the tissue immediately around it?
  • MMP3 - Does MMP3 work on only one kind of tissue protein?
  • MMP8 - What role does MMP8 play in collagen turnover?
Hair Follicle Morphogenesis & Keratin Assembly 3
  • EDAR - Why can EDAR influence several features formed before birth?
  • SHH - How does SHH help a developing body form the right shape?
  • WNT10A - Why is WNT10A relevant to the development of teeth and other tissues?
Keratinocyte Cornification & Epidermal Barrier 3
  • FLG - How does FLG help skin hold on to moisture?
  • KRT14 - What keeps cells in the outer skin from being easily damaged?
  • KRT5 - Why are KRT5 and KRT14 often studied as a pair?
Melanogenesis & UV Photoprotection 4
  • MC1R - Can MC1R explain why people have different hair and skin colors?
  • MITF - How does MITF influence pigment-producing cells?
  • SLC45A2 - Why can a pigmentation gene also be relevant to vision?
  • TYRP1 - What part does TYRP1 play in making pigment?
Skin Adnexal Gland Secretion 4
  • ATP1A2 - How do support cells help maintain the brain's electrical environment?
  • ATP1A3 - Why do nerve cells need the ATP1A3 sodium pump?
  • FADS1 - Can FADS1 tell me exactly which fats I should eat?
  • FADS2 - How does FADS2 help the body modify dietary fats?
Metabolic System 52 genes
Amino Acid Catabolism & Nitrogen Clearance 3
  • ARG1 - What happens to excess nitrogen when my body uses protein?
  • CPS1 - Why is CPS1 important for preventing ammonia buildup?
  • GLUL - How can cells turn ammonia into something useful?
Cholesterol & Lipoprotein Metabolism 10
  • ABCA1 - How does ABCA1 help move cholesterol out of cells?
  • APOA5 - Why is APOA5 linked more closely with triglycerides than a general cholesterol score?
  • APOB - Is an APOB variant the same thing as an ApoB blood-test result?
  • APOC3 - How can APOC3 influence how quickly fats leave the bloodstream?
  • APOE - Does an APOE result tell me for certain whether I will get Alzheimer's disease?
  • APOL1 - Does an APOL1 finding prove that my kidneys are damaged?
  • CETP - What does CETP move between cholesterol-carrying particles?
  • LDLR - How does the body remove LDL cholesterol from the blood?
  • LPL - How do muscles and fat tissue get energy from blood triglycerides?
  • PCSK9 - Why is PCSK9 a target of cholesterol-lowering medicines?
Energy Balance, Appetite & Thermogenesis 6
  • GHRL - How does an empty stomach send a hunger-related signal?
  • LEP - What does leptin tell the brain about stored body fat?
  • LEPR - How can leptin be present but its signal still be disrupted?
  • MC4R - Does an MC4R result mean weight is entirely determined by genes?
  • POMC - Why can POMC affect more than one hormone pathway?
  • UCP2 - Does UCP2 tell me how many calories I burn?
Fatty Acid Beta-Oxidation (Mitochondrial & Peroxisomal) 3
  • ACADM - Why can a fat-processing enzyme matter during fasting?
  • CPT1A - How do long-chain fats become available for energy production in the liver?
  • HADHA - Why is HADHA called part of a trifunctional protein?
Glycosylation & Glycan Biosynthesis 3
  • FUT2 - What does secretor status have to do with FUT2?
  • FUT3 - How can FUT3 influence the Lewis blood-group system?
  • FUT8 - Why do cells add fucose sugars to their proteins?
Insulin Signaling & Glucose Homeostasis 11
  • ADIPOQ - What is the hormone-like signal made by fat tissue through ADIPOQ?
  • AKT1 - How can AKT1 affect both cell growth and survival?
  • GCK - How do pancreatic cells sense changes in glucose?
  • GCKR - How is GCKR different from glucokinase itself?
  • INS - Does the INS gene actually make insulin?
  • INSR - What allows a cell to respond when insulin reaches it?
  • IRS1 - What carries the insulin receptor's message farther into a cell?
  • PPARG - How does PPARG help cells become fat cells?
  • PPARGC1A - Can PPARGC1A reveal my ideal exercise program?
  • SLC2A1 - How does glucose cross into the brain for fuel?
  • TCF7L2 - Does a TCF7L2 risk variant mean diabetes is inevitable?
Lipogenesis & Adipocyte Lipid Storage 3
  • DGAT1 - How does the body assemble fats for storage?
  • FASN - Can the body make fatty acids rather than getting all of them from food?
  • SCD - What does SCD change in the structure of a fatty acid?
Mitochondrial Electron Transport & Oxidative Phosphorylation 5
  • NDUFV1 - How does NDUFV1 help mitochondria start extracting usable energy?
  • NDUFV2 - Why does a mitochondrial energy complex need NDUFV2?
  • SDHA - How can SDHA connect two energy-producing pathways?
  • SDHB - Does an SDHB result automatically mean I have a tumor?
  • SDHD - What does SDHD do to keep an energy enzyme in place?
Purine & Pyrimidine Metabolism 3
  • ADA - Why can an enzyme found throughout the body be especially important for immunity?
  • ADAR - Can the body edit an RNA message after making it?
  • IMPDH2 - How do cells make the building blocks for new DNA and RNA?
Vitamin, Cofactor & One-Carbon Metabolism 5
  • CBS - Does a CBS variant automatically call for vitamin B6?
  • MTHFR - Do common MTHFR variants mean I must take methylfolate?
  • MTR - How does the body recycle homocysteine into methionine?
  • MTRR - Why does the homocysteine pathway need MTRR as well as MTR?
  • SLC19A2 - How does vitamin B1 get inside cells?
Musculoskeletal System 24 genes
Bone Remodeling 6
  • BMP4 - Is BMP4 only involved in making bone?
  • BMP6 - How can BMP6 connect developmental signaling with iron balance?
  • CTSK - Why do bones need an enzyme that breaks down tissue?
  • LRP5 - How does LRP5 help cells respond to growth signals?
  • MMP9 - How can tissues remodel their supporting layers?
  • SOST - Why would the body deliberately limit new bone formation?
Chondrogenesis & Articular Cartilage Stability 3
  • COL11A1 - What helps give cartilage its organized support structure?
  • COL2A1 - Why can a cartilage gene also be relevant to eyes and hearing?
  • COL9A1 - What does COL9A1 add to the cartilage around joints?
Collagen Fibrillogenesis & Connective Tissue Tensile Strength 3
  • COL1A1 - Why is COL1A1 important for both bones and skin?
  • COL1A2 - How does COL1A2 work with COL1A1?
  • COL4A1 - How is type IV collagen different from the collagen in tendons?
Excitation-Contraction Coupling 3
  • ATP2A2 - How do cells put calcium signals back into storage?
  • RYR1 - How does a skeletal muscle release calcium to start contracting?
  • STIM1 - How does a cell notice that its calcium stores are running low?
Myogenesis & Satellite Cell Renewal 3
  • IGF2 - When is IGF2 especially important for growth?
  • MSTN - Does an MSTN variant guarantee unusually large muscles?
  • PAX7 - What kind of developmental instruction does PAX7 provide?
Neuromuscular Junction Maintenance 3
  • DOK7 - How are the connections between nerves and muscles organized?
  • MUSK - What helps muscle cells group their signal receptors in the right place?
  • RAPSN - How do acetylcholine receptors stay anchored on muscle cells?
Skeletal Muscle Sarcomere Structure 3
  • CAPN3 - How do muscle fibers remove damaged proteins from their contractile machinery?
  • DYSF - What helps muscle fibers repair their outer membrane after strain?
  • TTN - Why do TTN findings require careful interpretation?
Nervous System 28 genes
Axonal Guidance & Neurodevelopment 4
  • DCC - How do growing nerve fibers know which direction to take?
  • EPHB2 - Can neighboring cells guide each other through direct contact?
  • NRG1 - Why can one NRG1 gene make proteins with different tissue roles?
  • NTN1 - What is the guidance signal that connects NTN1 with DCC?
Myelination & Glial Trophic Support 3
  • OLIG2 - How does OLIG2 influence the identity of developing nervous-system cells?
  • PMP22 - What helps peripheral nerves carry signals efficiently?
  • SOX10 - Why might SOX10 have effects across several developing tissues?
Neuronal Excitability & Ion Flux 4
  • CACNA1A - How do calcium channels help nerve cells communicate?
  • KCNJ11 - How does a potassium channel help control insulin release?
  • PKD1 - What does PKD1 do in kidney cells?
  • PKD2 - How is PKD2 related to the other major polycystic-kidney gene?
Neuropeptide & Neurotrophin Signaling 6
  • AVP - How does the brain tell the kidneys to conserve water?
  • BDNF - Can a BDNF result measure my ability to learn?
  • CRH - How does the brain begin a hormonal stress response?
  • NTRK1 - Why is NTRK1 important for sensing pain and temperature?
  • NTRK2 - How do growth-supporting signals change the behavior of nerve cells?
  • NTRK3 - What connects NTRK3 to knowing where my body is positioned?
Neurotransmitter Receptors & Neuromodulation 5
  • ADRB2 - Why is ADRB2 called a beta-2 adrenergic receptor gene?
  • ADRB3 - How can ADRB3 connect hormone signals with fat breakdown?
  • DRD2 - Does a DRD2 finding mean my dopamine level is low?
  • DRD4 - Can DRD4 reliably tell me my personality type?
  • HTR2A - Can HTR2A alone identify the best antidepressant for me?
Synaptic Plasticity & Neurotransmission 6
  • APP - Does having APP mean amyloid is building up in my brain?
  • COMT - Can COMT classify me as a warrior or a worrier?
  • PSEN1 - How is PSEN1 involved in processing other proteins?
  • PSEN2 - Why is PSEN2 studied alongside amyloid precursor protein?
  • SLC6A4 - What happens to serotonin after it sends a signal?
  • SNCA - What does alpha-synuclein normally do near nerve endings?
Renal System 21 genes
Distal Nephron Acid-Base Regulation 3
  • ATP6V0A4 - How can a proton pump help maintain acid balance?
  • ATP6V1B1 - Why do cells spend energy moving hydrogen ions?
  • CA2 - How does CA2 connect carbon dioxide with acid-base balance?
Glomerular Filtration Barrier 3
  • NPHS1 - What helps keep important proteins from leaking through kidney filters?
  • NPHS2 - How does podocin support the kidney's filtration barrier?
  • WT1 - Why can WT1 connect kidney development with later kidney function?
Renal Phosphate & Calcium Handling 5
  • CYP24A1 - Does a CYP24A1 result mean I should take more vitamin D?
  • CYP27B1 - Why must vitamin D be activated before it can do its work?
  • FGF23 - How do bones help the kidneys regulate phosphate?
  • KL - Does the Klotho gene provide a reliable longevity score?
  • VDR - Can a VDR variant tell me the vitamin D dose I need?
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System 4
  • ACE - How does ACE participate in blood-pressure regulation?
  • AGT - Where does the blood-pressure signal angiotensin start?
  • AGTR1 - How do cells respond to angiotensin II?
  • NR3C2 - Why can a hormone receptor affect both sodium and blood pressure?
Tubular Reabsorption, Electrolyte Transport & Urine Concentration 3
  • AQP2 - How do the kidneys return water to the bloodstream?
  • SLC34A1 - How do the kidneys keep useful phosphate from being lost?
  • UMOD - What does uromodulin do in the kidney?
Urothelial Barrier Integrity 3
  • UPK1A - What helps form the specialized surface lining the urinary tract?
  • UPK2 - How does the bladder lining withstand stretching as it fills?
  • UPK3A - What does UPK3A contribute to the bladder's protective layer?
Reproductive System 15 genes
Implantation & Placental Function 3
  • LIFR - How does a cell receive the growth signal called LIF?
  • MUC1 - Is MUC1 just a freely floating mucus protein?
  • PAPPA - How can PAPPA change the availability of a growth factor?
Mammary Development & Lactogenesis 3
  • LALBA - How is the lactose in breast milk made?
  • STAT5A - How can an outside growth signal reach the cell's DNA?
  • STAT5B - What connects STAT5B with responses to growth hormone?
Oogenesis, Meiosis & Follicular Maturation 3
  • FOXL2 - What does a gene regulator such as FOXL2 actually control?
  • GDF9 - How does GDF9 contribute to ovarian function?
  • ZP2 - What surrounds an egg cell before fertilization?
Sex Determination & Gonadal Differentiation 3
  • AMH - Is an AMH genetic result the same as an AMH fertility blood test?
  • MAP3K1 - How can MAP3K1 influence development before birth?
  • NR5A1 - Why can NR5A1 affect both reproductive and adrenal tissues?
Spermatogenesis & Flagellar Motility 3
  • CATSPER1 - How does calcium help sperm change their swimming pattern?
  • DAZL - What does DAZL do in cells that develop into eggs or sperm?
  • NASP - How do dividing cells get the proteins needed to package DNA?
Respiratory System 14 genes
Airway Smooth Muscle Tone 2
  • GRP - What links GRP to digestion and nerve signaling?
  • LTB4R - What kind of inflammatory message does LTB4R receive?
Alveolar Surfactant Metabolism 4
  • ABCA3 - Why do lung air sacs need a specialized fat-and-protein mixture?
  • SFTPA1 - Can a surfactant protein also help defend the lungs?
  • SFTPA2 - Why is SFTPA2 studied in inherited lung disease?
  • SFTPC - What does surfactant protein C do for breathing?
Mucociliary Clearance & Airway Cilia 3
  • CFTR - Does one CFTR finding necessarily mean cystic fibrosis?
  • DNAH11 - How do airway cells move mucus along their surface?
  • DNAH5 - Why can a cilia gene be relevant beyond the lungs?
Pulmonary Gas Exchange & Ventilatory Control 5
  • ACVRL1 - How does ACVRL1 help developing blood vessels receive instructions?
  • AGER - Does the name AGER mean it measures aging?
  • BMPR2 - Why is a bone-morphogenetic receptor relevant to blood vessels?
  • CA9 - How can CA9 help cells adjust acidity around them?
  • EIF2AK4 - How do cells slow protein production when resources are limited?
Sensory System 15 genes
Auditory & Vestibular Mechanotransduction 3
  • CDH23 - What connects CDH23 with sensory structures in the ear and eye?
  • GJB2 - How can communication between cells matter for hearing?
  • MYO7A - How do cells move materials along their internal framework?
Gustatory Chemosensation 3
  • TAS1R3 - How can one taste-receptor gene contribute to both sweet and savory tastes?
  • TAS2R1 - Why does the tongue have receptors such as TAS2R1 for bitterness?
  • TAS2R38 - Why do some bitter vegetables taste stronger to some people?
Nociception & Thermal Sensation 3
  • OPRM1 - Does OPRM1 tell me which pain medicine I should take?
  • SCN10A - What helps pain-sensing nerve cells generate an electrical signal?
  • SCN9A - How can SCN9A influence the ability to feel pain?
Olfactory Chemosensation 3
  • OR1A1 - How does OR1A1 turn an odor molecule into a smell signal?
  • OR51E1 - Can an OR51E1 result describe my entire sense of smell?
  • OR51E2 - Why do smell receptors such as OR51E2 belong to a large gene family?
Phototransduction & Retinal Processing 3
  • ABCA4 - How do retinal cells clear byproducts created when I see light?
  • RHO - Why is rhodopsin important for seeing in dim light?
  • USH2A - Why can USH2A be relevant to both hearing and vision?
Uncharacterized Loci 3 genes
Uncharacterized Genomic Locus 3
  • BLTP2 - Why is KIAA0100 now called BLTP2?
  • KIAA0319 - Can KIAA0319 predict whether someone will have dyslexia?
  • KIAA0586 - Why can a cilia-building gene affect early development?
Unclassified Loci 11 genes
Unclassified Protein-Coding Locus 11
  • ARMS2 - Do scientists know exactly what ARMS2 does in the eye?
  • BIN1 - How can BIN1 help cells bring material inward?
  • CLU - What does a chaperone protein such as clusterin do?
  • GSDMB - Is GSDMB interchangeable with the related gene GSDMD?
  • LPA - Is an LPA genetic finding the same as an Lp(a) blood measurement?
  • MTNR1B - Does an MTNR1B result mean I should take melatonin?
  • MYOC - Why might MYOC be relevant when eye pressure is being evaluated?
  • SORL1 - How does SORL1 help cells sort their internal cargo?
  • TM6SF2 - What connects TM6SF2 with the way cells handle fat?
  • TREM2 - How does TREM2 help immune-related cells receive signals?
  • TSLP - How can a tissue signal encourage an allergy-related immune response?
Universal Cellular Machinery 138 genes
Apoptosis & Programmed Cell Death 6
  • BAK1 - How can mitochondria participate in a cell's decision to die?
  • BAX - What helps decide whether a stressed cell survives?
  • BCL2 - Why can keeping a cell alive be either helpful or harmful?
  • CASP3 - What does a cell use to dismantle itself during apoptosis?
  • CASP9 - How does the internal apoptosis pathway activate its cutting enzymes?
  • FASLG - How can one immune cell tell another cell to undergo programmed death?
Autophagy & Lysosomal Degradation 6
  • ATG16L1 - How do cells recycle worn-out parts instead of letting them accumulate?
  • BECN1 - Does BECN1 show that fasting will improve my cellular health?
  • GBA1 - Why does a report sometimes use GBA and sometimes GBA1?
  • OPTN - What does optineurin do in the movement of materials inside cells?
  • PINK1 - Why is PINK1 discussed in relation to mitochondria?
  • PRKN - How do cells label proteins that need to be removed?
Calcium Signaling & EF-Hand Sensors 4
  • ANXA1 - How can ANXA1 help limit inflammatory signaling?
  • ANXA2 - What links calcium signals with ANXA2's membrane interactions?
  • S100A4 - Why is S100A4 studied when cells change how they move?
  • S100B - Is an S100B genetic result the same as an S100B protein test?
Cell Adhesion & Extracellular Matrix Architecture 4
  • CDH1 - What holds neighboring epithelial cells together?
  • CDH3 - Does CDH3 perform exactly the same job as CDH1?
  • EPCAM - Why is EPCAM associated with cells that line body surfaces?
  • VCAM1 - How do inflamed blood vessels recruit circulating immune cells?
Cell Cycle Control & Mitotic Division 9
  • BIRC5 - Why is survivin often discussed in cancer research?
  • CDKN1A - How does a cell pause division after DNA damage?
  • CDKN1B - What is the role of p27 in controlling cell division?
  • CDKN2A - How can CDKN2A supply more than one growth-control protein?
  • KRAS - Does finding KRAS in a report mean the result came from a tumor?
  • MDM2 - How does MDM2 regulate the tumor-suppressor protein p53?
  • NRAS - What makes N-Ras a cellular switch?
  • RB1 - How does RB1 stop cells from dividing at the wrong time?
  • VHL - How does VHL help cells remove proteins they no longer need?
Chromatin Remodeling & Epigenetic Regulation 6
  • CREBBP - Why can CREBBP affect many tissues during development?
  • DNMT1 - What does DNA methylation do, and how is DNMT1 involved?
  • EP300 - How does p300 help a cell turn genes on?
  • HDAC1 - How can removing a chemical mark from histones change gene activity?
  • KMT2A - What does KMT2A add to the proteins that package DNA?
  • SMARCA4 - How do cells loosen or tighten access to their DNA?
Cilium Assembly & Centrosomal Organization 5
  • BBS10 - Why do cilia need help from a protein-folding system?
  • BBS2 - How can BBS2-related biology involve both eyes and kidneys?
  • BBS4 - Why can a cilia disorder affect several seemingly unrelated body features?
  • BBS7 - What is the BBSome that includes the BBS7 protein?
  • CEP290 - Why does CEP290 matter for light-sensing cells in the eye?
Core Enzymatic Catalysis & Cofactor Chemistry 6
  • DPYD - Why might DPYD be checked before certain cancer medicines?
  • FTO - Does an FTO risk variant mean I cannot manage my weight?
  • IDH1 - How is IDH1's normal metabolic role different from a tumor mutation?
  • NUDT15 - Why can NUDT15 matter for thiopurine side effects?
  • PNPLA3 - Does a PNPLA3 finding prove that I have fatty liver?
  • TPMT - What does TPMT have to do with drugs such as azathioprine?
Cytoskeletal Organization & Motor Transport 4
  • ACTN3 - Can ACTN3 tell me whether I should be a sprinter or endurance athlete?
  • DNM1L - Why do mitochondria need a gene that helps them divide?
  • MAPT - What does tau normally do before it is discussed in dementia research?
  • RHOA - How does RHOA help a cell change its shape?
DNA Damage Repair & Genomic Integrity 11
  • ATM - How do cells notice broken DNA and coordinate a response?
  • BRCA1 - Does a BRCA1 variant mean I already have cancer?
  • BRCA2 - Can a negative consumer BRCA2 screen rule out inherited cancer risk?
  • CHEK2 - What does CHEK2 do when DNA copying encounters a problem?
  • MLH1 - How does MLH1 help correct mistakes made while DNA is copied?
  • MSH2 - What helps cells locate mismatched letters in newly copied DNA?
  • MSH6 - Why are MSH6 and MSH2 often listed together in DNA repair?
  • MUTYH - Why does it matter whether a MUTYH finding affects one or both gene copies?
  • PALB2 - How does PALB2 help the BRCA2 repair protein do its job?
  • PMS2 - What is PMS2's job after a DNA-copying error is found?
  • TP53 - Why is p53 often described as a guardian of damaged cells?
DNA Replication & Telomere Maintenance 4
  • POLD2 - How does POLD2 support copying and repairing DNA?
  • POLE - Why does the location of a POLE variant matter?
  • RTEL1 - How does RTEL1 help protect the ends of chromosomes?
  • TERT - Can a TERT result tell me my telomere length or lifespan?
Dephosphorylation & Phosphatase Regulation 3
  • PTEN - What normally prevents growth signals from becoming excessive?
  • PTPN11 - How can PTPN11 affect development through cell signaling?
  • PTPN22 - Does a PTPN22 association mean I have an autoimmune disease?
Eicosanoid & Sphingolipid Mediator Signaling 4
  • CERS1 - What does CERS1 make for nerve-cell membranes?
  • ORMDL3 - How does ORMDL3 help regulate the production of membrane lipids?
  • PTGES - How does the body produce the inflammatory signal prostaglandin E?
  • PTGS1 - Why does aspirin's target pathway include PTGS1?
GPCR & Transmembrane Signal Transduction 3
  • ADCY5 - How do cells convert an energy molecule into an internal signal?
  • GNAS - How can GNAS connect a hormone receptor with responses inside a cell?
  • GNB3 - Why does a G protein need a beta subunit?
Mitochondrial Biogenesis & Dynamics 3
  • MFN2 - Why does mitochondrial shape matter to nerves and muscles?
  • OPA1 - How do mitochondria combine parts of their inner membranes?
  • TFAM - Who helps mitochondria use and maintain their own DNA?
Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Transport 3
  • NUP214 - How do large molecules pass between the nucleus and the rest of a cell?
  • NUP98 - Why does the nucleus need a selective gateway rather than an open hole?
  • XPO1 - How are selected proteins sent out of the nucleus?
Phosphoinositide & Lipid Second Messenger Signaling 3
  • IMPA1 - Does IMPA1's role in inositol signaling prove I need an inositol supplement?
  • PLA2G6 - Why is phospholipid recycling important for cells?
  • PLCG2 - How do immune cells translate receptor activity into internal messengers?
Phosphorylation & Kinase Signaling Cascades 12
  • ALK - Does an ALK gene finding mean an ALK inhibitor is suitable?
  • BRAF - Why must a BRAF result specify the exact alteration?
  • CCND1 - How do cells time their progression toward division?
  • CDK4 - What helps a cell pass the checkpoint before copying its DNA?
  • CDK6 - Is CDK6 simply a cancer-specific protein?
  • EGFR - How does an epidermal growth signal reach the inside of a cell?
  • ERBB2 - Is an ERBB2 variant the same as a HER2-positive tumor result?
  • JAK2 - Why is JAK2 often investigated when blood-cell counts are abnormal?
  • LRRK2 - Does an LRRK2 finding make Parkinson's disease certain?
  • MET - What signal does the MET receptor receive?
  • PIK3CA - How can a PIK3CA change affect growth in only some tissues?
  • STK11 - How does STK11 connect growth control with cellular energy use?
Protein Folding & Chaperone Quality Control 3
  • CALR - What does calreticulin normally do before it is discussed in blood disorders?
  • HSPB1 - How can a heat-shock protein protect cells from more than heat?
  • HSPB8 - Why might a stress-response protein matter in muscle and nerve health?
Protein Scaffolding & Structural Architecture 3
  • C9orf72 - Can an ordinary SNP result rule out a C9orf72 repeat expansion?
  • TSC1 - How does hamartin help control cell size and growth?
  • TSC2 - Why do TSC2 and TSC1 cause overlapping biological effects?
Proteolysis & Protease Inhibition 3
  • ADAM17 - How can cutting a surface protein change communication between cells?
  • HTRA1 - How does HTRA1 help maintain the material surrounding cells?
  • SERPINA1 - Why does the body need alpha-1 antitrypsin to control other enzymes?
RNA Binding & Transcript Stability 3
  • DROSHA - How are long RNA precursors turned into microRNAs?
  • ELAVL1 - How can a cell keep an RNA message available for longer?
  • YTHDF2 - What does YTHDF2 contribute to RNA regulation?
RNA Splicing & Post-Transcriptional Processing 3
  • HNRNPA2B1 - What helps an RNA message get processed before it is used?
  • HNRNPK - How can one protein bring DNA, RNA, and signaling partners together?
  • HNRNPU - How does HNRNPU help organize material inside the nucleus?
Redox Homeostasis & Oxidative Stress Defense 4
  • CAT - How do cells get rid of hydrogen peroxide they produce?
  • GPX1 - Why does GPX1 need glutathione to protect cells?
  • SOD1 - What does SOD1 normally do with reactive oxygen molecules?
  • SOD2 - How is SOD2 different from the other superoxide-dismutase gene?
Ribosome Biogenesis & Translation 5
  • EIF4E - How does the protein-making machinery find the beginning of a message?
  • NPM1 - What does nucleophosmin do inside the nucleus?
  • RPL5 - What part of the cell's protein factory comes from RPL5?
  • RPS19 - How does RPS19 differ from a large-subunit ribosomal protein?
  • RPS6KB1 - How can growth signaling increase a cell's protein production?
Small GTPase Switching & Nucleotide Exchange 3
  • IQGAP1 - How do cells coordinate movement with attachment to their neighbors?
  • IQGAP2 - Is IQGAP2 just a duplicate of IQGAP1?
  • IRGM - How can cellular recycling help fight bacteria?
Transcription Factor Regulation 6
  • HNF1A - Why is HNF1A relevant to both the pancreas and liver?
  • HNF1B - Can a gene regulator affect more than blood sugar?
  • HNF4A - How can HNF4A change the activity of many metabolic genes at once?
  • MYC - Why is MYC called a proto-oncogene if normal cells need it?
  • SMAD3 - How does a TGF-beta signal alter gene activity?
  • SMAD4 - Why does SMAD4 work with other SMAD proteins?
Transmembrane Solute & Ion Transport 3
  • ABCA7 - What type of cellular transport is ABCA7 involved in?
  • ATP13A2 - Why might a cellular transport ATPase matter for neurological health?
  • SLC30A8 - What is zinc doing in the pancreas's insulin-producing cells?
Ubiquitin-Proteasome Degradation 3
  • BAP1 - How can removing a ubiquitin tag change a protein's fate?
  • UBE3A - How do cells choose some proteins for disposal?
  • USP7 - Why do cells need to reverse protein-tagging signals?
Vesicular Trafficking & Secretory Exocytosis 3
  • PICALM - How do cells package material into small transport vesicles?
  • VPS13A - How does VPS13A help move fats between cellular compartments?
  • VPS13C - What connects VPS13C with cellular recycling and mitochondria?

Educational information, not an interpretation of your individual variants. Evidence and clinical usefulness depend on the specific finding.